Included publications

• Abdel-Motelib, A., Bode, M., Hartmann, R., Hartung, U., Hauptmann, A., and Pfeiffer, K., 2012, Archaeometallurgical expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula and the Eastern Desert of Egypt (2006, 2008), Metalla, 19(½), 3–59.

• Aleksandrov, M., 1992, Metalogenetske karakteristike polimetaličnog rudnog polja Sase, Istočna Makedonija, PhD thesis, Goce Delčev University, Štip.

• Amov, B. G., 1999, Lead isotope data for ore deposits from Bulgaria and the possibility for their use in archaeometry, Berliner Beiträge zur Archäometrie, 16, 5–19.

• Amov, B., Bogdanov, B., and Baldjieva, T., 1974, Lead isotope composition and some features concerning the genesis and the age of the ore deposits in south Bulgaria, 4th IAGOD Symposium, Varna, Bulgaria.

• Amov, B., Breskovska, B., Baldzhieva, C. T., Evstatieva, S. S., and Mankov, S., 1983, O результатах масс-спектрального анализа свинца свинцо-во-цинковъх месторождений Звездельского рудного поля \[On the results of mass spectral analysis of the lead-zinc deposits of the Zvezdel ore field\], Godine na BMGI, C, 29(2), 79–90.

• Amov, B., Kolkovski, B., and Dimitrov, R., 1993, Генезис и възраст на хидротермални рудни минерализации в родопската металогенна зона въз основа на изотопния състав на оловото в галенит  \[Genesis and age of hydrothermal ore mineralization in the Rhodope metallogenic zone on the basis of the isotopic composition of lead in galena\], Annuaire de l’Université de Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridski” Faculté de Géologie et Géographie, 85, 73–98.

• Andráš, P., Chovan, M., Dirner, V., and Krá, J., 2010, Pb-Isotope Study in Sb-Mineralisation from Western Carpathian (Slovakia), Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 5(2), 71–80.

• Asael, D., Matthews, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Harlavan, Y., and Segal, I., 2012, Tracking redox controls and sources of sedimentary mineralization using copper and lead isotopes, Chemical Geology, 310–311, 23–35 DOI:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.03.021

• Barnes, I. L., Shields, W. R., Murphy, T. J., and Brill, R. H., 1974, Isotopic analyses of Laurion lead ores, In Archaeological Chemistry (ed. C. W. Beck), 1–10, Advances in Chemistry Series 138, Washington D.C. DOI:10.1021/ba-1974-0138.ch001

• Baron, S., Tămaş, C. G., Cauuet, B., and Munoz, M., 2011, Lead isotope analyses of gold–silver ores from Roşia Montană (Romania): a first step of a metal provenance study of Roman mining activity in Alburnus Maior (Roman Dacia), Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(5), 1090–100. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2010.12.004

• Barton, J. M., Blaine, J. L., Doig, R., and Byron, C. L., 1994, The geological setting and style of copper mineralization at the Bushman group of deposits, northeastern Botswana, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 18(2), 87–97. DOI:10.1016/0899-5362(94)90022-1

• Begemann, F., Hauptmann, A., Schmitt-Strecker, S., and Weisgerber, G., 2010, Lead isotope and chemical signature of copper from Oman and its occurrence in Mesopotamia and sites on the Arabian Gulf coast, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 21(2), 135–69. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2010.00327.x

• Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., Pernicka, E., and Lo Schiavo, F., 2001, Chemical composition and lead isotopy of copper and bronze from Nuragic Sardinia, European Journal of Archaeology, 4, 43–85. DOI:10.1179/eja.2001.4.1.43

• Begemann, F., and Schmitt-Strecker, S., 2009, Über das frühe Kupfer Mesopotamiens, Iranica Antiqua, 44, 1–45. DOI:10.2143/IA.44.0.2034374

• Bird, G., Brewer, P. A., Macklin, M. G., Nikolova, M., Kotsev, T., Mollov, M., and Swain, C., 2010, Pb isotope evidence for contaminant-metal dispersal in an international river system: The lower Danube catchment, Eastern Europe, Applied Geochemistry, 25(7), 1070–84. DOI:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.04.012

• Bode, M., 2008, Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen zur Blei-/Silbergewinnung im Germanien der frühen Römischen Kaiserzeit, PhD thesis, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster.

• Bolhar, R., Whitehouse, M. J., Milani, L., Magalhães, N., Golding, S. D., Bybee, G., LeBras, L., and Bekker, A., 2020, Atmospheric S and lithospheric Pb in sulphides from the 2.06 Ga Phalaborwa phoscorite-carbonatite Complex, South Africa, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530, 115939. DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115939

• Boni, M., and Koeppel, V., 1985, Ore-lead isotope pattern from the Iglesiente-Sulcis Area (SW Sardinia) and the problem of remobilization of metals, Mineralium Deposita, 20(3), 185–93. DOI:10.1007/BF00204563

• Brill, R. H., 1970, Lead and Oxygen Isotopes in Ancient Objects, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 269(1193), 143–64. DOI:10.1098/rsta.1970.0093

• Brill, R. H., Barnes, I. L., and Adams, B., 1974, Lead Isotopes in Some Ancient Egyptian Objects, In Recent Advances in Science and Technology of Materials (ed. A. Bishay), Vol. 3, 9–27, Plenum, New York.

• Brodtkorb, M. K., and Brodtkorb, A., 1982, Datos isotópicos de plomo de la mineralización de la Mina La Helvecia, prov. de La Rioja, Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 37(3), 358–61.

• Burnard, P. G., Sweeney, M. A., Vaughan, D. J., Spiro, B., and Thirlwall, M. F., 1993, Sulfur and lead isotope constraints on the genesis of a southern Zambian massive sulfide deposit, Economic Geology, 88(2), 418–36. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.418

• Calvez, J. Y., and Lescuyer, J. L., 1991, Lead Isotope Geochemistry of Various Sulphide Deposits from the Oman Mountains, In Ophiolite Genesis and Evolution of the Oceanic Lithosphere (eds. Tj. Peters, A. Nicolas, and R. G. Coleman), Vol. 5, 385–97, Petrology and Structural Geology, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. DOI:10.1007/978-94-011-3358-6_19

• Caron, C., Lancelot, J., Omenetto, P., and Orgeval, J. J., 1997, Role of the Sardic tectonic phase in the metallogenesis of SW Sardinia (Iglesiente): lead isotope evidence, European Journal of Mineralogy, 9(5), 1005–16. DOI:10.1127/ejm/9/5/1005

• Chalkias, S., Vavelidis, M., Schmitt-Strecker, S., and Begemann, F., 1988, Geologische Interpretation der Blei-Isotopenverhältnisse von Erzen der Insel Thasos, der Ägäis und Nordgriechenlands, In Antike Edel- und Buntmetallgewinnung auf Thasos, 59–74, Der Anschnitt Beiheft 6, Bochum.

• Chalkias, S., and Vavelidis, M., 1989, Interpretation of lead-isotope data from Greek Pb-Zn deposits, based on an empirical two-stage model, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 23(2), 177–93.

• Chamberlain, V. E., and Gale, N. H., 1980, The Isotopic Composition of lead in Greek coins and in Galena from Greece and Turkey, In Proc. 16th Inst. Symp. on Archeometry and Archaeological Prospection, Edinburgh 1976, 139–55, Publ.in the Proceedings, National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh.

• Chegini, N., Momenzadeh, M., Parzinger, H., Pernicka, E., Stoellner, T., Vatandoust, R., Weisgerber, G., Boroffka, N., Chaichi, A., Hasanalian, D., Hezarkhani, Z., Eskandari, M., and Nezafati, N., 2000, Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman near Kashan, western Central Iran, Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, 32, 281–318.

• Chen, J. H., and Pallister, J. S., 1981, Lead Isotopic Studies of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman, Journal of Geophysical Research, 86(B4), 2699–708. DOI:10.1029/JB086iB04p02699

• Cook, N. J., and Chiaradia, M., 1997, Sources of base metal mineralization in the Baia Borsa orefield, NW Romania: constraints from lead isotopes, In Mineral deposits (ed. H. Papunen), 813–6, Balkema, Rotterdam.

• Coomer, P. G., Coward, M. P., and Lintern, B. C., 1977, Stratigraphy, structure and geochronology of ore leads in the Matsitama Schist belt of Northern Botswana, Precambrian Research, 5(1), 23–41. DOI:10.1016/0301-9268(77)90021-3

• Dayton, J. E., and Dayton, A. M., 1986, Uses and limitations of lead isotopes in archaeology, In Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium (eds. J. S. Olin, and M. J. Blackman), 13–41, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.

• De Launay, M. L., 1894, Les Minerais d’Argent de Milo, Annales des Mines, 9ième Série(VI), 345–53.

• Deleon, G., 1968, Primena metoda nuklearne geologije u odredivanju apsolutne starosti stena na teritoriji SR Makedonije, PhD thesis, University of Belgrade, Belgrade.

• Doe, B. R., and Rohrbough, R., 1977, Lead isotope data bank: 3,459 samples and analyses cited, Open-File Report. DOI:10.3133/ofr79661

• Duane, M. J., Kruger, F. J., Roberts, P. J., and Smith, C. B., 1991, Pb and Sr isotope and origin of Proterozoic base metal (fluorite) and gold deposits, Transvaal Sequence, South Africa, Economic Geology, 86(7), 1491–505. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.86.7.1491

• Durali-Müller, S., 2006, Roman lead and copper mining in Germany: their origin and development through time, deduced from lead and copper isotope provenance studies, PhD Thesis, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt a.M., Germany.

• Ehya, F., Lotfi, M., and Rasa, I., 2010, Emarat carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposit, Markazi Province, Iran: A geological, mineralogical and isotopic (S, Pb) study, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 37(2), 186–94. DOI:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.08.007

• Frei, R., 1992, Isotope (Pb, Rb-Sr, S, O, C, U-Pb) geochemical investigations on Tertiary intrusives and related mineralizations in the Serbomacedonian Pb-Zn, Sb+Cu-Mo metallogenetic province in Northern Greece, PhD thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich. DOI:10.3929/ethz-a-000692261

• Frei, R., 1995, Evolution of mineralizing fluid in the porphyry copper system of the Skouries Deposit, Northeast Chalkidiki (Greece): evidence from combined Pb-Sr and stable isotope data, Economic Geology, 90(4), 746–62. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.4.746

• Fölling, P. G., Zartman, R. E., and Frimmel, H. E., 2000, A novel approach to double-spike Pb–Pb dating of carbonate rocks: examples from Neoproterozoic sequences in southern Africa, Chemical Geology, 171(1–2), 97–122. DOI:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00204-7

• Gale, N. H., 1978, Lead Isotopes and Aegean Metallurgy, In Thera and the Aegean world I. Papers presented at the Second International Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, August, 1978 (ed. C. Doumas), 529–45, London.

• Gale, N. H., 1979, Lead Isotopes and Archaic Silver Coins, Archeo-Physika, 10, 194–208.

• Gale, N. H., 1980, Some aspects of lead and silver mining in the Aegean, In Thera and the Aegean World II. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, August 1978 (ed. C. Doumas), 161–95, Aris and Phillips Ltd., London.

• Gale, N. H., 1998, The Role of Kea in Metal Production and Trade in the LBA, In Kea-Kythnos: History and Archaeology. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Kea-Kythnos, 22-25 June 1994 (eds. L. G. Mendoni, and A. J. Mazarakis), Vol. 27, 737–58, Meletemata, Athen.

• Gale, N. H., Gentner, W., and Wagner, G. A., 1980, Mineralogical and Geographical Silver Sources of Archaic Greek Coinage, In Metallurgy in Numismatics (eds. D. M. Metcalf, and W. A. Oddy), Vol. 1, 3–49, Special publication Royal Numismatic Society, London.

• Gale, N. H., Picard, O., and Barrandon, J. N., 1988, The Archaic Thasian silver coinage, In Antike Edel- und Buntmetallgewinnung auf Thasos (eds. G. A. Wagner, and G. Weisgerber), Vol. 6, 212–23, Der Anschnitt Beiheft, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum.

• Gale, N. H., Stos-Gale, Z. A., Lilov, P., Dimitrov, M., and Todorov, T., 1991, Recent Studies of Eneolithic Copper Ores and Artefacts in Bulgaria, In Decouverte du Metal (eds. J. Mohen, and C. Eluere), Vol. 2, 49–75, Millénaires, Picard, Paris.

• Gale, N. H., Stos-Gale, Z. A., Papastamataki, A., and Leonis, K., 1985, Copper Sources and Copper Metallurgy in the Aegean Bronze Age, In Furnaces and smelting technology in antiquity. Proceedings of the Symposium on Early Furnace Technology, British Museum, London 1982 (eds. P. T. Craddock, and M. J. Hughes), Vol. 48, 81–102, British Museum Occasional Paper, British Museum, London.

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1981, Cycladic Lead and Silver Metallurgy, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 76, 169–224. DOI:10.1017/S0068245400019523

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1985, Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade, In Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Cypriot Studies, Nicosia 1982 (eds. T. Papadopoullos, and S. A. Chatzēstyllēs), 51–66, Society of Cypriot Studies, Nicosia.

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1986, Oxhide Copper Ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 81–100. DOI:10.1017/S0068245400020098

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1987, Oxhide ingots from Sardinia, Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age copper trade: New scientific evidence, In Nuragic Sardinia and the Mycenaean world, Studies in Sardinian archaeology 3 (ed. M. Balmuth), Vol. 387, 135–78, BAR International Series, Bar, Oxford.

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1988, Recent evidence for a possible Bronze Age metal trade between Sardinia and the Aegean, In Problems in Greek Prehistory, Proceedings of the Centenary Conference of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, Manchester 1986 (eds. E. B. French, and K. A. Wardle), 355–85, Bristol Classical Press, Bristol.

• Gemmell, J. B., Zantop, H., and Meinert, L., 1992, Genesis of the Aguilar Zinc-Lead-Silver Deposit, Argentina:Contact Metasomatic vs. Sedimentary Exhalative, Economic Geology, 87, 2085–112. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.8.2085

• Haest, M., Schneider, J., Cloquet, C., Latruwe, K., Vanhaecke, F., and Muchez, P., 2010, Pb isotopic constraints on the formation of the Dikulushi Cu–Pb–Zn–Ag mineralisation, Kundelungu Plateau (Democratic Republic of Congo), Mineralium Deposita, 45(4), 393–410. DOI:10.1007/s00126-010-0279-6

• Harlavan, Y., Bar-Matthews, M., Matthews, A., Asael, D., and Segal, I., 2017, Tracing the sources of sedimentary Cu and Mn ores in the Cambrian Timna Formation, Israel using Pb and Sr isotopes, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 178, 67–82. DOI:10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.03.016

• Harms, U., Heckmann, H., Weyer, S., and Mali, H., 2012, Geochemistry of galena and lead isotope chemistry of postvariscan ore veins within Niederberg Area, Germany, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 163(1), 69–89. DOI:10.1127/1860-1804/2012/0163-0069

• Hauptmann, A., Begemann, F., Heitkemper, E., Pernicka, E., and Schmitt-Strecker, S., 1992, Early Copper Produced at Feinan, Wadi Arabah, Jordan: The Composition of Ores and Copper, Archeomaterials, 6, 1–33.

• Hauptmann, A., Begemann, F., and Schmitt-Strecker, S., 1999, Copper Objects from Arad: Their Composition and Provenance, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 314, 1–17. DOI:10.2307/1357449

• Höhndorf, A., and Vetter, U., 1999, The Sanyati Ore deposits in Zimbabwe: Pb-isotopic investigation of sulfide and oxide ores, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Geologie, 45(1), 11–3.

• IGME Xanthi cit. in: Frei, R., 1992, Isotope (Pb, Rb-Sr, S, O, C, U-Pb) geochemical investigations on Tertiary intrusives and related mineralizations in the Serbomacedonian Pb-Zn, Sb+Cu-Mo metallogenetic province in Northern Greece, PhD thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich.

• Jaguin, J., Poujol, M., Boulvais, P., Robb, L. J., and Paquette, J. L., 2012, Metallogeny of precious and base metal mineralization in the Murchison Greenstone Belt, South Africa: indications from U–Pb and Pb–Pb geochronology, Mineralium Deposita, 47(7), 739–47. DOI:10.1007/s00126-012-0422-7

• Janković, S., 1978, Изотопни састав олова у појединим терцијарним олово-цинковим српско-македонске металогенетске провинције \[The isotopic composition of lead in some tertiary lead-zinc deposits within the Serbo-Macedonian metallogenic province (Yugoslavia)\], Geoloski Anali Balkanskog Poluostrva, 42, 507–25.

• Jović, B., 1983, Godišnji izveštaji o izvršenim geološkim istraživanjima Pb-Zn u rudnom polju Blagodat, FSD Republičkog društvenog fond za geol. istr., Belgrade.

• Kalogeropoulos, S. I., Kilias, S. P., Bitzios, D. C., Nicolaou, M., and Both, R. A., 1989, Genesis of the Olympias carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Au, Ag) sulfide ore deposit, eastern Chalkidiki Peninsula, northern Greece, Economic Geology, 84(5), 1210–34. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.84.5.1210

• Kamona, A. F., Lévêque, J., Friedrich, G., and Haack, U., 1999, Lead isotopes of the carbonate-hosted Kabwe, Tsumeb, and Kipushi Pb-Zn-Cu sulphide deposits in relation to Pan African orogenesis in the Damaran-Lufilian Fold Belt of Central Africa, Mineralium Deposita, 34(3), 273–83. DOI:10.1007/s001260050203

• Kirnbauer, T., Wagner, T., Taubald, H., and Bode, M., 2012, Post-Variscan hydrothermal vein mineralization, Taunus, Rhenish Massif (Germany): Constraints from stable and radiogenic isotope data, Ore Geology Reviews, 48, 239–57. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.03.010

• Koppel, V. H., and Saager, R., 1974, Lead Isotope Evidence on the Detrital Origin of Witwatersrand Pyrites and its Bearing on the Provenance of the Witwatersrand Gold, Economic Geology, 69(3), 318–31. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.69.3.318

• Kouzmanov, K., Moritz, R., Von Quadt, A., Chiaradia, M., Peytcheva, I., Fontignie, D., Ramboz, C., and Bogdanov, K., 2009, Late Cretaceous porphyry Cu and epithermal Cu-Au association in the Southern Panagyurishte district, Bulgaria: the paired Vlaykov Vruh and Elshitsa deposits, Mineralium Deposita, 44, 611–46. DOI:10.1007/s00126-009-0239-1

• Krahn, L., and Baumann, A., 1996, Lead isotope systemactic of epigenetic lead-zinc mineralization in the western part of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany., Mineralium Deposita, 31(3), 225–37. DOI:10.1007/BF00204029

• Kubat, I., Ramović, E., Tomčević, D., Pezdić, J., and Dolenac, T., 1979, The results of the investigation of S, O, C and Pb isotopic composition in some ore deposits and occurrences in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Geološki Glasnik, 24/25, 61–84.

• Köppel, V., 1980, Lead-isotope studies of stratiform ore deposits of the Namaqualand, NW Cape Province, South Africa, and their implications on the age of the Bushmanland Sequence, In Proceedings of the fifth quadrennial IAGOD symposium, 195–207, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.

• Köppel, V., and Schroll, E., 1985, Herkunft des Pb der triassischen Pb-Zn-Vererzungen in den Ost-und Südalpen: Resultate bleiisotopengeochemischer Untersuchungen, Archiv für Lagerstättenforschung der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 6, 215–22.

• Large, D., Schaeffer, R., and Höhndorf, A., 1983, Lead Isotope Data from Selected Galena Occurrences in the North Eifel and North Sauerland, Germany, Mineralium Deposita, 18, 235–43. DOI:10.1007/BF00206211

• Leveque, J., and Haack, U., 1993, Pb isotopes of hydrothermal ores in the Harz, In Formation of hydrothermal vein deposits: A case study of the Pb-Zn, barite and flourite deposits of the Harz Mountains (eds. P. Möller, and V. Lüders), 197–210, Monograph Series on Mineral Deposits 30, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.

• Lippolt, H. J., Schorn, U., and Pidgeon, R. T., 1983, Genetic implications of new lead isotope measurements on Schwarzwald vein and Upper Triassic sediment galenas, Geologische Rundschau, 72(1), 77–104. DOI:10.1007/BF01765901

• Ludwig, K. R., Vollmer, R., Turi, B., Simmons, K. R., and Perna, G., 1989, Isotopic constraints on the genesis of base-metal ores in southern and central Sardinia, European Journal of Mineralogy, 1, 657–66. DOI:10.1127/ejm/1/5/0657

• López, L., 2012, Geología y metalogénesis del distrito polimetálico Purísima-Rumicruz, departamento de Cochinoca, provincia de Jujuy, Doctor en Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. DOI:10.35537/10915/25861

• Macfarlane, A. W., Marcet, P., LeHuray, A. P., and Petersen, U., 1990, Lead isotope provinces of the Central Andes inferred from ores and crustal rocks, Economic Geology, 85(8), 1857–80. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.85.8.1857

• Macfarlane, A. W., and Lechtman, H. N., 2016, Andean Ores, Bronze Artifacts, and Lead Isotopes: Constraints on Metal Sources in Their Geological Context, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 23(1), 1–72. DOI:10.1007/s10816-014-9225-8

• Marchev, P., and Moritz, R., 2006, Isotopic composition of Sr and Pb in the Central Rhodopean ore fields: Inferences for the genesis of the base-metal deposits, Geologica Balcanica, 35(3–4), 49–61.

• Marcoux, E., Grancea, L., Lupulescu, M., and Milesi, J., 2002, Lead isotope signatures of epithermal and porphyry-type ore deposits from the Romanian Carpathian Mountains, Mineralium Deposita, 37(2), 173–184. DOI:10.1007/s00126-001-0223-x

• Marschik, R., Bauer, T., Hensler, A.-S., Skarpelis, N., and Hölzl, S., 2010, Isotope Geochemistry of the Pb-Zn-Ba(-Ag-Au) Mineralization at Triades-Galana, Milos Island, Greece: Triades-Galana Pb-Zn-Ba Mineralization, Resource Geology, 60(4), 335–47. DOI:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2010.00139.x

• Mathez, E. A., and Waight, T. E., 2003, Lead isotopic disequilibrium between sulfide and plagioclase in the bushveld complex and the chemical evolution of large layered intrusions, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(10), 1875–88. DOI:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01294-2

• Mirnejad, H., Simonetti, A., and Molasalehi, F., 2011, Pb isotopic compositions of some Zn–Pb deposits and occurrences from Urumieh–Dokhtar and Sanandaj–Sirjan zones in Iran, Ore Geology Reviews, 39(4), 181–7. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.02.002

• Mirnejad, H., Simonetti, A., and Molasalehi, F., 2015, Origin and formational history of some Pb-Zn deposits from Alborz and Central Iran: Pb isotope constraints, International Geology Review, 57(4), 463–71. DOI:10.1080/00206814.2015.1013510

• Molasalehi, F., and Mirnejad, H., 2010, Comparing Pb isotopic composition of Kuhe Surmeh deposit with some of the Pb-Zn deposits from Central Iran and evaluating the role of Neo-Tethys in Pb remobilization in Central Iran, Journal of Science, 36(1), 11–7.

• Molofsky, L. J., Killick, D., Ducea, M. N., Macovei, M., Chesley, J. T., Ruiz, J., Thibodeau, A., and Popescu, G. C., 2014, A novel approach to lead isotope provenance studies of tin and bronze: applications to South African, Botswanan and Romanian artifacts, Journal of Archaeological Science, 50, 440–50. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.006

• Mudrinic, C., and Serafimovski, T., 1992, Lead, sulphur, oxygen and carbon isotopes in the Zletovo ore field (Eastern Macedonia), Geologica Balcanica, 24(3), 39–48.

• Nebel, M. L., Hutchinson, R., and Zartman, R. E., 1991, Metamorphism and polygenesis of the Madem Lakkos polymetallic sulfide deposit, Chalkidiki, Greece, Economic Geology, 86(1), 81–105. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.86.1.81

• Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E., and Momenzadeh, M., 2009, Introduction of the Deh Hosein ancient tin-copper mine, Western Iran: Evidence from Geology, Archaeology, Geochemistry and Lead Isotope Data, Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology (TUBA-AR), 12, 223–36. DOI:10.22520/tubaar.2009.0018

• Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E., and Momenzadeh, M., 2011, Early Tin-Copper Ore from Iran, a possible Clue for the Enigma of Bronze Age Tin, In Anatolian Metal V (ed. Ü. Yalçin), Vol. 24, 211–30, Der Anschnitt, Beiheft, Bochum.

• Niederschlag, E., Pernicka, E., Seifert, T., and Bartelheim, M., 2003, The determination of lead isotope ratios by multiple collector ICP-MS: A case study of Early Bronze Age artefacts and their possible relation with ore deposits of the Erzgebirge, Archaeometry, 45(1), 61–100. DOI:10.1111/1475-4754.00097

• OXALID: Oxford Archaeological Lead Isotope Database from the Isotrace Laboratory (https://oxalid.arch.ox.ac.uk/default.html)

• Pajović, M., Ćepić, M., Manojlović, M., Dubak, M., and Svrkota, R., 1982, Opšte geološke i metalogenetske karakteristike Pb-Zn mineralizacije u Crnoj Gori, In Zbornik radova: X. jubilarnog kongresa geologa Jugoslavije (eds. S. Cicmil, and Jubilarni kongres geologa Jugoslavije), 247–69, Organizacioni odbor X jubilarnog kongresa geologa Jugoslavije, Budva.

• Palinkaš, L. A., 1985, Lead isotope patterns in galenas from some selected ore deposits in Croatia and NW Bosnia, Geološki Vjesnik, 38, 175–89.

• Pernicka, E., Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., Todorova, H., and Kuleff, I., 1997, Prehistoric copper in Bulgaria: its composition and provenance, Eurasia Antiqua(3), 41–180.

• Pernicka, E., Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., and Wagner, G., 1993, Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from the Balkans and their relation to Serbian copper ores, Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 68, 1–54. DOI:10.1515/prhz.1993.68.1.1

• Pernicka, E., Momenzadeh, M., Vatandoust, A., Adam, K., Böhme, M., Hezarkhani, Z., Nezafati, N., Schreiner, M., and Winterholler, B., 2011, Archaeometallurgical research on the Western Central Iranian Plateau, In Early Mining and Metallurgy on the Western Central Iranian Plateau (eds. A. Vatandoust, H. Parzinger, and B. Helwing), 633–87, Eurasien-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Außenstelle Teheran, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz.

• Pfeiffer, K., 2013, Neue Untersuchungen zur Archäometallurgie des Sinai: die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Innovation “Kupfermetallurgie,” Menschen - Kulturen - Traditionen ForschungsCluster 2, Innovation: technisch, sozial 11, Leidorf, Rahden, Westf.

• Puig, A., 1988, Geologic and metallogenic significance of the isotopic composition of lead in galenas of the Chilean Andes, Economic Geology, 83(4), 843–58. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.4.843

• Richards, J. P., Cumming, G. L., Krstic, D., Wagner, P. A., and Spooner, E. T. C., 1988, Pb isotope constraints on the age of sulfide ore deposition and U-Pb age of late uraninite veining at the Musoshi stratiform copper deposit, Central Africa copper belt, Zaire, Economic Geology, 83(4), 724–41. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.4.724

• Robertson, D. K., 1973, A model discussing the early history of the Earth based on a study of lead isotope ratios from veins in some Archean cratons of Africa, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(9), 2099–124. DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90010-0

• Rubinstein, N. A., Carrasquero, S. I., Gómez, A. L. R., Ricchetti, A. P. O., and D’Annunzio, M. C., 2018, Metallogeny of the Paramillos de Uspallata Pb–Zn–Ag vein deposit in the Cuyo Rift Basin, Argentina, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 350(4), 164–72. DOI:10.1016/j.crte.2018.01.002

• Saager, R., and Koppel, V., 1976, Lead isotopes and trace elements from sulfides of Archean greenstone belts in South Africa: a contribution to the knowledge of the oldest known mineralizations, Economic Geology, 71(1), 44–57. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.71.1.44

• Schneider, J., 1998, Die Herkunft des Siegerländer Münzsilbers, In Der Altenberg. Bergwerk und Siedlung aus dem 13. Jahrhundert im Siegerland (eds. C. Dahm, U. Lobbedey, and G. Weisgerber), Vol. 2: Die Funde, 2 vols., 202–21, Denkmalpflege und Forschung in Westfalen 34, Habelt, Bonn.

• Schneider, J., Melcher, F., and Brauns, M., 2007, Concordant ages for the giant Kipushi base metal deposit (DR Congo) from direct Rb–Sr and Re–Os dating of sulfides, Mineralium Deposita, 42(7), 791–7. DOI:10.1007/s00126-007-0158-y

• Schwarz-Schampera, U., Terblanche, H., and Oberthür, T., 2010, Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits in the Murchison greenstone belt, South Africa, Mineralium Deposita, 45(2), 113–45. DOI:10.1007/s00126-009-0266-y

• Shafiei, B., 2010, Lead isotope signatures of the igneous rocks and porphyry copper deposits from the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc (SE Iran), and their magmatic-metallogenetic implications, Ore Geology Reviews, 38(1–2), 27–36. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.05.004

• Shahabpour, J., and Kramers, J. D., 1987, Lead isotope data from the Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Iran, Mineralium Deposita, 22(4), 278–281. DOI:10.1007/BF00204520

• Siron, C. R., 2018, Magmatic, Structural, and Metallogenic Framework of the Kassandra Mining District, Chalkidiki Peninsula, Northern Greece, PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca. DOI:10.7298/X4QZ2866

• Stephens, J., 2016, Assessing the suitability of southern Africa for archaeological provenance studies with lead isotopes, MA dissertation, University of Arizona, Tuscon.

• Stephens, J., Killick, D., and Chirikure, S., 2023, Reconstructing the geological provenance and long-distance movement of rectangular, fishtail, and croisette copper ingots in Iron Age Zambia and Zimbabwe, PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282660. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0282660

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1989, Cycladic Copper Metallurgy, In Old world archaeometallurgy: proceedings of the International symposium Old world archaeometallurgy. Heidelberg 1987 (eds. A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka, and G. A. Wagner), Vol. 7, 279–93, Der Anschnitt, Beiheft, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., 2001, The impact of the natural sciences on studies of hacksilber and early silver coinage, In Hacksilber to coinage: new insights into the monetary history of the Near East and Greece. A collection of eight papers presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (eds. M. S. Balmuth, Archaeological Institute of America, and American Numismatic Society), 53–76, Numismatic studies 24, American Numismatic Society, New York.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Gale, N. H., Houghton, J., and Speakman, R., 1995, Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry data base 1, Ores from the Western Mediterranean, Archaeometry, 37(2), 407–15. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00753.x

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Gale, N. H., and Annetts, N., 1996, Lead Isotope Data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 3, Ores from the Aegean, Part 1, Archaeometry, 38(2), 381–90. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1996.tb00784.x

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Gale, N. H., and Zwicker, U., 1986, The copper trade in the south east Mediterranean region: preliminary scientific evidence, Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 122–44.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Kayafa, M., and Gale, N. H., 1999, The origin of metals from the bronze age site of Nichoria, Opuscula Atheniensia, 24, 99–120.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Maliotis, G., Gale, N. H., and Annetts, N., 1997, Lead isotope characteristics of the Cyprus copper ore deposits applied to provenance studies of copper oxhide ingots, Archaeometry, 39(1), 83–123. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1997.tb00792.x

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., and Gale, N. H., 1981, Sources of galena, lead and silver in predynastic Egypt, Revue d’Archéometrie, Supplement (Actes du XXe symposium international d’archéométrie Paris 26-29 mars 1980 Volume III), 285–96. DOI:10.3406/arsci.1981.1158

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., and Gale, N. H., 1985, Metal Sources and the Metal Trade in the Bronze Age Aegean - The Isotopic Evidence. Mycenaean Seminar, 20 February, Institute of Archaeology, London, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 32, 157-158.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., and Gale, N. H., 1992, New light on the provenance of the copper oxhide ingots found on Sardinia., In Sardinia in the Mediterranean: A footprint in the sea (eds. R. H. Tykot, T. K. Andrews, and M. Balmuth), Vol. 3, 317–45, Monographs in Mediterranean archaeology, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield.

• Swainbank, I. G., Shepherd, T. J., Caboi, R., and Massoli-Novelli, R., 1982, Lead isotopic composition of some galena ores from Sardinia, Periodico di Mineralogia, 51, 275–86.

• Tilton, G. R., Pollak, R. J., Clark, A. H., and Robertson, R. C. R., 1981, Isotopic composition of Pb in Central Andean ore deposits, In Nazca Plate: Crustal Formation and Andean Convergence (eds. L. V. D. Kulm, J. Dymond, E. J. Dasch, D. M. Hussong, and R. Roderick), 791–816, Memoir (Geological Society of America) 154, Geological Society of America. DOI:10.1130/MEM154-p791

• Tombros, S. F., Kokkalas, S., Seymour, K. St., Voudouris, P. C., Williams-Jones, A. E., Zhai, D., Liu, J., and Fitros, M. G., 2021, The Kallianos Au-Ag-Te mineralization, Evia Island, Greece: a detachment-related distal hydrothermal deposit of the Attico-Cycladic Metallogenetic Massif, Mineralium Deposita, 56(4), 665–84. DOI:10.1007/s00126-020-00989-3

• Tosdal, R. M., and Munizaga, F., 2003, Lead sources in Mesozoic and Cenozoic Andean ore deposits, north-central Chile (30–34°S), Mineralium Deposita, 38(2), 234–50. DOI:10.1007/s00126-002-0307-2

• Townley, B. K., and Godwin, C. I., 2001, Isotope characterization of lead in galena from ore deposits of the Aysén Region, southern Chile, Mineralium Deposita, 36(1), 45–57. DOI:10.1007/s001260050285

• Triantafyllidis, S., Tombros, S. F., Zhai, D., and Kokkalas, S., 2021, The upper Cretaceous Ermioni VMS deposit, Argolis Peninsula, Peloponnese, Greece: Type, genesis, and geotectonic setting, Ore Geology Reviews, 138, 104403. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104403

• Ulrych, T. J., Burger, A., and Nicolaysen, L. O., 1967, Least radiogenic terrestrial leads, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2(3), 179–84. DOI:10.1016/0012-821X(67)90125-2

• Valera, R. G., Valera, P. G., and Rivoldini, A., 2005, Sardinian ore deposits and metals in the Bronze Age, In Archaeometallurgy in Sardinia: From the origins to the beginning of the Early Iron Age (eds. F. Lo Schiavo, A. Giumlia-Mair, U. Sanna, and R. Valera), Vol. 30, 43–88, Monographies instrumentum, Éditions Monique Mergoil, Montagnac.

• Vavelidis, M., Bassiakos, I., Begemann, F., Patriarcheas, K., Pernicka, E., Schmitt-Strecker, S., and Wagner, G. A., 1985, Geologie und Erzvorkommen, In Silber, Blei und Gold auf Sifnos. Prähistorische und antike Metallproduktion (eds. G. A. Wagner, G. Weisgerber, and W. Kroker), Vol. 3, 59–80, Der Anschnitt, Beiheft, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum.

• Vaxevanopoulos, M., Blichert-Toft, J., Davis, G., and Albarède, F., 2022, New findings of ancient Greek silver sources, Journal of Archaeological Science, 137, 105474. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105474

• Velojic, M., Prelevic, D., and Jelenkovic, R., 2018, The origin of lead and sulphur in Tulare ore field, Lece magmatic complex, Se Serbia, Geoloski anali Balkanskoga poluostrva, 79(2), 19-28. DOI:10.2298/GABP1802019V

• Veselinović-Williams, M., 2011, Characteristics and origin of polymetallic mineralisation in the Kopaonik region of Serbia and Kosovo, with particular reference to the Belo Brdo Pb-Zn (Ag) deposit, PhD thesis, Kingston University, London. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542473

• Vinyu, M. L., Jelsma, H. A., and Frei, R., 1996, Timing between granitoid emplacement and associated gold mineralization: examples from the ca. 2.7 Ga Harare–Shamva greenstone belt, northern Zimbabwe, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33(7), 981–92. DOI:10.1139/e96-074

• Wagner, G. A., Pernicka, E., Seeliger, T. C., Ötzunali, Ö., Baranyi, I., Begemann, F., and Schmitt-Strecker, S., 1985, Geologische Untersuchungen zur frühen Metallurgie in NW- Anatolien., Bull. of the Mineral Res. and Exploration Inst. of Turkey, 101/102, 45–81.

• Wagner, G. A., Pernicka, E., Vavelidis, M., Baranyi, I., and Bassiakos, I., 1986, Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen auf Chalkidiki, Der Anschnitt, 38(5–6), 166–86.

• Wagner, T., and Schneider, J., 2002, Lead isotope systematics of vein-type antimony mineralization, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany: a case history of complex reaction and remobilization processes, Mineralium Deposita, 37(2), 185–97. DOI:10.1007/s00126-001-0211-1

• Walraven, F., and Chabu, M., 1994, Pb-isotope constraints on base-metal mineralisation at Kipushi (Southeastern Zaïre), Journal of African Earth Sciences, 18(1), 73–82. DOI:10.1016/0899-5362(94)90055-8

• Wedepohl, K. H., Delevaux, M. H., and Doe, B. R., 1978, The potential source of lead in the Permian Kupferschiefer bed of Europe and some selected Paleozoic mineral deposits in the Federal Republic of Germany, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 65(3), 273–81. DOI:10.1007/BF00375513

• Westner, K. J., 2017, Roman mining and metal production near the antique city of ULPIANA (Kosovo), PhD thesis, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt.

• Westner, K. J., Vaxevanopoulos, M., Blichert-Toft, J., Davis, G., and Albarède, F., 2023, Isotope and trace element compositions of silver-bearing ores in the Balkans as possible metal sources in antiquity, Journal of Archaeological Science, 155, 105791. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2023.105791

• Wind, S. C., Schneider, D. A., Hannington, M. D., and McFarlane, C. R. M., 2020, Regional similarities in lead isotopes and trace elements in galena of the Cyclades Mineral District, Greece with implications for the underlying basement, Lithos, 366–367, 105559. DOI:10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105559

• Zentelli, M., Doe, B., Hedge, C., Alvarez, O., Tidy, E., and Daroca, J., 1988, Isotopos de plomo en yacimientos de tipo pòrfido cuprífero comparados con otros depósitos metalíferos en los Andes del norte de Chile y Argentina, V Congreso Geológico Chileno, Departamento de Geología y Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, 1, B331–69.

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Interface of the app

The interface of the app consists of five parts:

1. The menu, which can be shown/hidden with the button 1a
2. The header with two options to control the app’s appearance: Toggle full screen mode (2a) and toggle light/dark mode (2b)
3. Different filter for the database, which can be shown/hidden (3a) and unpinned/pinned (3b)
4. The footer
5. The work area. All windows here can be collapsed and also maximised. If maximised, their content will be scaled accordingly.

Filter the database

A wide range of options are provided to filter the database. The elements in the header (1 to 4) can be used to adjust some general settings and the elements in the filter area (5 to 13) allow to select data according to specific criteria.

1. The database to be used. Currently, only “Ores & minerals” are supported but it is planned to provide additional datasets in the future
2. Whether the whole dataset or only reliable data should be used. The reliability of the data is based solely on the analytical method and excludes all analyses pre-1974 (no mass bias correction) and analyses not measured with a TIMS or MC-ICP-MS (too imprecise). By default, this option is active.
3. If only data with exact locations should be used or not. Sometimes, the location or site where the sample was taken cannot be reconstructed. In these cases, coordinates of the next smallest reliably determinable geographical or administrative entity are recorded.
4. Whether “unknowns” should be excluded or not. Similar to the location, e.g. the mining site is not always reported. This option is only working on the current subsetting variable. Consequently, switching this variable (e.g. to the country) can change the number of displayed data points. Activating this option will also prevent the appearance of a legend item “unknown” in the plots.
5. Select only data located in the specified modern country.
6. Select only data located in the specified modern political provinces of the selected countries. They appear in the order of the selected countries.
7. Select only data located in the specified mining regions in the selected countries. They appear in the order of the selected countries.
8. Select only data from specific sites located within the modern political provinces or mining regions.
9. Restrict the selection to samples from deposits that were formed in the selected geological epochs/ages.
10. Restrict the selection to minerals that are contained in the ore (brackets around a mineral indicate that this is only a subordinate phase of the ore).
11. Restrict the selection to metals that can be (theoretically) produced from the ores (brackets around an element indicate that only minor amounts of this metal could be produced). This does not necessarily mean that all metals given here were also extracted from the ore, and the produced metal(s) may be subject to changes over time.
12. Restrict the instrument(s) used to produce the data.
13. Restrict the selection to publications of a certain range of year, e.g. all publications after 2000.

How the filter work:

• Click on the items in the list to select multiple ones. In the dropdown lists, you can remove them from the filter by clicking on an item (it changes the colour) and pressing DELETE.
• Changing a filter on a higher level (e.g. country) will reset all filter on the lower levels (e.g. mining area). This holds also true for switching between reliable data and the full data set.
• All items within the same filter are OR connected, i.e. picking galena and chalcopyrite as minerals will yield all data that contain galena OR chalcopyrite (or both) beside other mineral phases.
• Area above the horizontal line (5 to 8)
  • You must pick one or multiple countries.
  • Based on the picked countries, the respective provinces and mining areas become available. Provinces and mining areas are OR connected (e.g. picking Italy and Egypt as countries and then Sardinia as province and the Eastern Desert as mining area will show all data from Sardinia and the Eastern Desert).
  • Based on the chosen provinces and mining areas, the mining sites become available narrow the selection further if desired.
• Area below the horizontal line (9 to 13):
  • Changing filters above the horizontal line will reset the filters below the horizontal line.
  • These filters will be applied on the selection obtained from the filters 5 to 8. If no items are picked, the entire database will be filtered to display e.g. all copper ores or all ores containing galena.
    
  • All filters in this area are connected by AND conditions. For example, picking Cu as commodity and MC-ICP-MS as instrument will yield only copper ores measured by MC-ICP-MS.
• The menu “Upload” provides an auto-match function for uploaded data. See the respective chapter for further details.

Map

The selected data (and any uploaded data) are displayed in the map and in the preview plots in the same colours. The plots are static and intended for preview only. You can modify these elements with the following options:

1. This is the category according to which the data will be subset. It is the same like for the plots (see next chapter).
2. You can choose between three predefined axis-combinations for the preview.
3. You can jump to a specific location by providing the respective coordinates as decimal degrees and pressing the “Go!” button.
4. You can choose between different maps (including satellite images) and show/hide the reference data (and the uploaded data).

Clicking on points with a number in the map will centre the map on the area of the previously collapsed points. Hovering with the mouse over a point in the map gives some basic information to the respective data. Please do not get confused: Points with numbers are colour-coded according to the number of points they are containing. Colours according to the subsetting variable are only applied to individual points.

Explore

On this page you can explore the data more closely and customise the plots before downloading them for publication. It consists of two independent plots. Only two options are the same for both plots: the subsetting variable (1a) and the colour palette (1b).

Depending on the number of the selected variables (2), certain kinds of plots (“styles”) can be chosen (3). Transparency and size (point size or line width in millimetres) can be set for all plots in the column “Design” (4). Specific options for each kind of plot are provided in the second column if available (5, see below).

Plots are provided in an interactive view (6a) and as a preview of the print version, i.e. the one you can download (6b). There are two exceptions: 3D scatter plots can only be viewed interactively and not downloaded. If really necessary, a snapshot can be made with the small camera icon from the toolbar in the upper right corner of the plot. 2D density plots are not available in the interactive plots.

In the interactive scatter plots (styles “Point” and “2D scatter”), specific data can be selected via the “Box select” or the “Lasso” tool in the upper right corner of the respective plot (7). A table with the selected data will be displayed in the “data table tab” (8) for closer inspection. An explanation for most of the icons in this toolbar can be found here and we encourage you do play around with them.

The plot designs

• X-axis (Y-axis is set to “none”):
  • Density (filled)
    • A one dimensional kernel density estimate.
    • Option “Arrangement of groups”: separate - all groups are overlapping each other; stacked - all groups on top of each other; stacked & normalised - all groups on top of each other and scaled to 1.
  • Histogram and Frequency polygon (filled)
    • Histograms (“bars”) or polygons (“lines”) with the number of observations within a certain interval (bin).
    • Option “Arrangement of groups”: separate - all groups are overlapping each other; stacked - all groups on top of each other; stacked & normalised - all groups on top of each other and scaled to 1.
    • Option “Binwidth”: The width of the intervals that the data are counted in, provided as the number of intervals the x-axis should be separated into. This value must always be adjusted to the respective selection of the data for an optimal display of the data’S distribution.
  • Boxplot:
    • Please read here for how to interprete a boxplot.
• X & Y- axis (Z-axis is net to “none”):
  • Point
    • A scatter plot.
  • Density 2D
    • A two-dimensional kernel density estimate.
    • Option “Number of quantiles”: The number of quantiles at which contours should be drawn. The default 4 will draw contours at quartiles, i.e. at probabilities of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%.
    • Option “Smallest displayed quantile”: The smallest quantile that is drawn. The default 0.02 draws the 2% quantile contour. This gives a fairly accurate outline while excluding single separate points.
    • Option “filled polygons”: If ticked, the contours will be filled.
    • Transparency affects only the filling of the contours, not the contour lines.
  • Point + Density 2D
    • A combination of scatter plot and 2D kernel density estimate. Contours of density estimates are filled by default. See the above.
• X, Y, & Z-axis:
  • 2D scatter
    • A scatter plot. In contrast to the “Point” scatter plot, the Z-value is the subsetting value.
  • 3D scatter
    • A 3D scatter plot of the data.

Differences between interactive plots and print preview

The legend in the interactive plot is scrollable to maximise the graph. Clicking on an item in the legend will hide the data from this group while double-clicking on it will hide all other. However, the downloadable plots as they are shown in the print version are static and will always show the full extent of the entire data selection. This means that it ignores any zooming and hidden groups from the interactive plot. Additionally, the legend will always been shown in their full extent and might make the actual graph very small. Therefore you should always check the appearance of the plot in the print preview before downloading it.

Colour palettes

A wide range of colour palettes is available and all are optimised for colour-blind persons. However, except for the ones in the section “Viridis or similar”, most do not support a large amount of groups. If more groups are supplied to a palette than the palette contains colours, the groups will be displayed as white colour, i. e. are invisible in the plot and appear “without a signature” in the legend. You can see the palettes of the Viridis-section here and the ones of the Colorbrewer-sections here.

Upload and display of your data

In the Upload page you can upload your own dataset (1). These data will be deleted from the server the moment you close GlobaLID. Choose the correct parameters to parse your file (2). If it was parsed successfully, it will appear in the “Data Viewer” (3) for inspection (otherwise a message will indicate the problem). Your dataset must not contain columns other than the following ones and the columns must be named as following:

• “group”. This column will be used to differentiate your data in the plots (see below). If not included, it will be automatically created with “This study” as its content.
• A column for the latitude and longitude value; They must be named “lat” and “long”, or similar (e.g. latitude, longitude) and both (or none of them) must be provided.
• Any of the isotope ratios with the last number of the respective atomic masses in the right order (e.g. “4/6” and “204Pb/206Pb” would both be recognised as the 204Pb/206Pb ratio). The following lead isotope ratios are supported: ²⁰⁴Pb-normalised ratios, ²⁰⁶Pb-normalised ratios, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb.
• A “sample” column for individual sample labels.

All missing isotope ratios will be automatically calculated after your file was successfully parsed. So are the parameters for the different age models. Currently, the following lead isotope age models are supported: Stacey & Kramers 1975, Cumming & Richards 1975, Albarède & Juteau 1984, Albarède et al. 2012. The U238/U235 ratio is taken from Goldmann et al. 2015.

By hitting the “Match database” button (4), all data from GlobaLID with overlapping lead isotope ratios will be selected. With “Reset” (5) you can delete your data.

To keep a good optical differentiation between reference data and your data, your data is by default always plotted in black (and reference data in colour). While reference data are always points or solid lines, your data will get different signatures or line styles based on the content of the “group” column in your dataset. Further, it is always plotted on top of the reference data.

Download plots and data

Here you can download the plots created on the Explore page as well as the datasets. All files will be wrapped into a zip folder by default. Also by default, a file with the references for your selection of the dataset and the filter settings are included. For all other downloads, you have to tick the respective box (1).

For the plots, you can specify the physical size (2a, 2b) of the plots, their resolution (3) and also the file type (4). You can download them as raster (tiff, jpg, png) or vector graphics (pdf, eps) (5). You can download each plot as separate file (6) and/or both plots combined, either side-by-side with the legend on the bottom or on top of each other with the legend on the right (7). Please make sure the legends are compatible because only the legend of plot 1 will be displayed.

Similarly you can download the part of the GlobaLID database that you selected (8) and your own enhanced dataset (i.e. with age model parameters, 9) in different formats (10). Lastly, you can choose between a raw text file and a docx document for the references and filter settings (11).

Only after clicking the Download-button (12), GlobaLID will start to produce the files as requested. Please be aware that this might take a moment.

Other menus

Most of the other pages provide additional information:

• “References” lists all the publications from which data were taken to compile GlobaLID.
• At “Resources” you can download the functions specifically designed for GlobaLID.
• At “About” you find all members of the GlobaLID Core Team, the contributors and how to get in contact with them.
• “Contribute” is a password protected page and offers contributors a convenient way to upload new or revised data for GlobaLID. Instructions for this page are included there.

Resources

The web application is written in R. The following functions were specifically developed for GlobaLID. To use them in your own work, download them by clicking on the function name and load them into R with source().

The source code of the GlobaLID web application is available on GitHub.

What is GlobaLID?

GlobaLID is a Global Lead Isotope Database and aims to facilitate the reconstruction of raw material provenances with lead isotopes, especially in archaeology. The app provides direct access to and convenient interaction with the GlobaLID database. You can filter the database according to your research question, upload own data to compare it with GlobaLID, and produce and download publication ready plots. Please watch our video tutorial for a “life” demonstration. The “References” page lists all references from which data are currently included in GlobaLID. There are still data missing? Consider to become a contributor and help to let GlobaLID grow! Visit our webpage to learn more about the GlobaLID project and to get the latest news.

Copyright

© The GlobaLID Core Team 2024 (unless indicated otherwise)

The copyright material published on this website is subject to the German Copyright law, and is owned by the GlobaLID Core Team or, where indicated, by a party other than the GlobaLID Core Team. The GlobaLID Core Team supports and encourages use of its material for all legitimate purposes.

Copyright material available on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) licence unless indicated otherwise.

How to cite

Please attribute to GlobaLID by citing:

• Westner, Katrin J.; Rose, Thomas; Klein, Sabine; Hsu, Yiu-Kang; Becerra, María Florencia; Nezafati, Nima; Renson, Virginie & Stephens, Jay (2023): GlobaLID – Global Lead Isotope Database. V. 1.1. GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2023.043
• GlobaLID Core Team (2021): GlobaLID web application V. 1.0, database status: 2023-11-19. https://globalid.dmt-lb.de/
• Klein, S., Rose, T., Westner, K. J., & Hsu, Y.-K. (2022). From OXALID to GlobaLID: Introducing a modern and FAIR lead isotope database with an interactive application. Archaeometry 64(4), 935–950. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12762

For direct import into your reference manager copy the citations as

@misc{Westner.2023,
 author = {Westner, Katrin J. and Rose, Thomas and Klein, Sabine and Hsu, Yiu-Kang and Becerra, María Florencia and Nezafati, Nima and Renson, Virginie and Stephens, Jay},
 year = {2023},
 title = {{GlobaLID -- Global Lead Isotope Database V. 1.1}},
 publisher = {{GFZ Data Services}},
 doi = {10.5880/fidgeo.2023.043}, 
 url = {https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2023.043}
}

@misc{GlobaLIDCoreTeam.2022,
 author = {{GlobaLID Core Team}},
 year = {2022},
 title = {{GlobaLID web application V. 1.0, database status: 2023-11-19}},
 url = {https://globalid.dmt-lb.de/}
}

@article{Klein.2022,
author = {Klein, Sabine and Rose, Thomas and Westner, Katrin J. and Hsu, Yiu-Kang},
title = {From OXALID to GlobaLID: Introducing a modern and FAIR lead isotope database with an interactive application},
journal = {Archaeometry},
volume = {64},
number = {4},
pages = {935-950},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12762},
}

TY  - DATA
AU  - Westner, Katrin J
AU  - Rose, Thomas
AU  - Klein, Sabine
AU  - Hsu, Yiu-Kang
AU  - Becerra, María Florencia
AU  - Nezafati, Nima
AU  - Renson, Virginie
AU  - Stephens, Jay
TI  - GlobaLID -- Global Lead Isotope Database
ET  - V. 1.1
PY  - 2023
DA  - 2023
PB  - GFZ Data Services
DO  - 10.5880/fidgeo.2023.043
UR  - https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2023.043
ER  - 

TY  - COMP
AU  - GlobaLID Core Team
TI  - GlobaLID web application
ET  - V. 1.0, database status: 2023-11-19
PY  - 2022
DA  - 2022
UR  - https://globalid.dmt-lb.de/
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
T1  - From OXALID to GlobaLID: Introducing a modern and FAIR lead isotope database with an interactive application
AU  - Klein, Sabine
AU  - Rose, Thomas
AU  - Westner, Katrin J.
AU  - Hsu, Yiu-Kang
PY  - 2022
DA  - 2022/02/09
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12762
JF  - Archaeometry
JO  - Archaeometry
JA  - Archaeometry
VL  - 64
IS  - 4
SP  - 935
EP  - 950
SN  - 0003-813X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12762
ER  - 

Team

You want to contribute to GlobaLID? Please get in touch with us, we are looking forward to your message!

Core Team

Sabine Klein Forschungsbereich Archäometallurgie, Leibniz-Forschungsmuseum für Georessourcen/Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany FIERCE, Frankfurt Isotope & Element Research Centre, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Helge Wiethoff Rechenzentrum, Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola, Bochum, Germany

Thomas Rose Forschungsbereich Archäometallurgie, Leibniz-Forschungsmuseum für Georessourcen/Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Tim Greifelt Forschungsbereich Archäometallurgie, Leibniz-Forschungsmuseum für Georessourcen/Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Katrin J. Westner Forschungsbereich Archäometallurgie, Leibniz-Forschungsmuseum für Georessourcen/Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Yiu-Kang Hsu Forschungsbereich Archäometallurgie, Leibniz-Forschungsmuseum für Georessourcen/Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Annette Hornschuch Forschungsbereich Montanarchäologie, Leibniz-Forschungsmuseum für Georessourcen/Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Regional editors

María Florencia Becerra (South America) CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) - División Arqueología, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina

David Killick (Africa, North America) School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Nima Nezafati (Iran) Forschungsbereich Archäometallurgie, Leibniz-Forschungsmuseum für Georessourcen/Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany

T. O. Pryce (Southeast Asia) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7065 Institut de Recherche sur les ArchéoMATériaux, Université Paris-Saclay & CEA/CNRS UMR 3685 NIMBE, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Virginie Renson (North America) Archaeometry Laboratory, Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

Jay Stephens (Africa) School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Archaeometry Laboratory, Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

Contributors (Data)

Sabine Fischer-Lechner Forschungsbereich Archäometallurgie, Leibniz-Forschungsmuseum für Georessourcen/Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Partners and Supporting Institutions

Web Hosting: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum The Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum – founded in 1930 – is one of eight research museums belonging to the Leibniz Association. It researches, teaches and preserves the history of the mining, processing and use of geo-resources across all of the relevant time periods. Its research areas include: archaeometallurgy, mining history, materials science, and mining archaeology, together with the research laboratory, and the Montanhistorische Dokumentationszentrum.

Web Hosting: DMT-Gesellschaft für Lehre und Bildung mbH DMT-Gesellschaft für Lehre und Bildung mbH (DMT-LB), based in Bochum, is a collective association of the German coal mining industry and acts as the funding organisation of Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum (German Mining Museum) and Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola. It was established as the Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse (WBK) in 1864 and merged with the Steinkohlen-Bergbau-Verein (Stbv) and Bergbau Forschung GmbH under the auspices of DeutscheMontanTechnologie e.V. (DMT) in 1990.

Funding

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft This work has received funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the grants KL 1259/17-1 and WI 5923/2-1 (project number: 524790825).

Acknowledgements

The initial GlobaLID database was compiled during years of own research and profited from the generous sharing of published lead isotope datasets by many colleagues. The creative and collective work of compiling the database and application was initiated when all members of the Core Team and E. Salzmann were members of the Archaeometallurgy group at the Deutsches Berbau-Museum Bochum (DBM). Hannah Zietsch (DBM) compiled the initial literature references. Annette Hornschuch (DBM) and Helge Wiethoff (DMT-LB) provided support during the preparation and deployment of the app.

The Core Team feels deeply grateful for the support of the contributors. Without their efforts, GlobaLID would grow much slower and less accurate.

We are indebted to the R Core Team for providing and maintaining R and all the authors of the fantastic packages we use, especially Hadley Wickham and the RStudio team. We are immensely grateful to the OpenStreetMap contributors from whose Nominatim database we obtain most of the the geographical meta-information. Last but definitely not least, the knowledge provided by the community on Stackoverflow and many other pages was a constant source of inspiration and an enormous help during the development of the app.

The following packages are used in the app and/or for work on the database:

• bs4Dash
• dplyr
• DT
• ggplot2
• kableExtra
• knitr
• ks
• leaflet
• leaflet.providers
• lemon
• plotly
• RColorBrewer
• readr
• rmarkdown
• rootSolve
• sendmailR
• shiny
• shinyvalidate
• stringr
• tidygeocoder
• tidyr
• viridisLite
• waiter
• zip

The implementation of the hCaptcha is a modified version of shinyCAPTCHA.

News

2024-03-31 – Additional data from Chile (contributor: M. F. Becerra) and Germany (contributors: S. Fischer-Lechner, T. Rose). The database now includes 4563 entries.

2024-01-03 – The database version 1.1. is now published at GFZ Data Services, archiving its current state: https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2023.043

2023-11-19 – Additional data from Argentina (contributor: M. F. Becerra). The database now includes 4147 entries.

Additional metadata are included for some publications (contributor: K. J. Westner). Some minor editing was done on a few entries to increase consistency of the database (esp. unification of British vs. American English and capialisation)

The template for contributions was updated to the current metadata scheme.

2023-08-20 – Data can be subset now according to “Tectonic/geolog. super unit”, “Tectonic/geolog. unit”, “Tectonic/geolog. subunit”, “Deposit type”. Please check our data description of the database for how they are defined.

2023-06-18 – Additional data from

• Germany (contributor: S. Fischer-Lechner, T. Rose)
• Sub-Sahara Africa (contributor: J. Stephens)

The database now includes 4046 entries.

2023-06-04 – Additional data from

• Germany, Czechia (contributor: S. Fischer-Lechner, T. Rose)
• Greece (contributor: K. J. Westner, M. Vaxevanopoulos)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia (contributor: K. J. Westner).

The database now includes 3245 entries.

2023-01-31 – Additional data from Germany included (contributor: S. Fischer-Lechner. T. Rose). The database now includes 2763 entries.

2022-12-20 – Additional data from Germany included (contributors: S. Fischer-Lechner, T. Rose). The database now includes 2699 entries.

2022-03-28 – The original publications for some data published in OXALID was added.

2022-03-23 – Video tutorial for the GlobaLID web application is now available on YouTube.

2022-03-01 – New publication about GlobaLID: Klein, S., Rose, T., Westner, K. J., & Hsu, Y.-K. (2022). From OXALID to GlobaLID: Introducing a modern and FAIR lead isotope database with an interactive application. Archaeometry 64(4), 935–950. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12762

2022-01-18 – Additional data from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, and the Kosovo included (contributor: K. J. Westner). The database now includes 2468 entries.

2021-11-27 – Links open now in new tabs and do close the app anymore. Exception: Links that are displayed as their URL. In these cases automatic link detection overwrites it to the default behaviour (open in same tab).

2021-11-15 – Additional data from Bulgaria included (contributor: K. J. Westner). The database now includes 2237 entries.

2021-11-01 – Additional data from Greece included (contributor: K. J. Westner). The database now includes 2141 entries.

Release of GlobaLID web application V. 1.0

2021-11-01 – Version 1.0 of the GlobaLID web application is now online!

Release of GlobaLID database V. 1.0

2021-10-06 – Version 1.0 of the GlobaLID database is now available at https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2021.031!
The database currently includes 1892 entries, many of them are the result of hard work by Katrin J. Westner (Sardinia, Southeastern Europe, Greece) and Nima Nezafati (Iran).

Legal Notice

The Deutsche Bergbau-Museum Bochum is a dependent facility of the DMT-Gesellschaft für Lehre und Bildung mbH.

Provider according to § 5 TMG is therefore:
DMT-Gesellschaft für Lehre und Bildung mbH
Am Bergbaumuseum 28
44791 Bochum
Phone +49 234 5877-0
E-Mail: info@bergbaumuseum.de

Managing Director: Prof. Susanne Lengyel (chairman), Prof. Dr. Sunhild Kleingärtner, Ulrich Wessel

commercial register: Amtsgericht Bochum, HRB 4052
VAT identification number according to § 27 UStG: DE124091698

Regulatory body: Ministerium für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein Westfalen

Impressum

Das Deutsche Bergbau-Museum Bochum ist eine unselbstständige Betriebseinheit der DMT-Gesellschaft für Lehre und Bildung mbH.

Anbieter nach § 5 TMG ist daher:
DMT-Gesellschaft für Lehre und Bildung mbH
Am Bergbaumuseum 28
44791 Bochum
Tel. +49 234 5877-0
E-Mail: info@bergbaumuseum.de

Geschäftsführer: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Kretschmann (Vorsitzender), Adolf Siethoff

Handelsregister Amtsgericht Bochum, HRB 4052
Umsatzsteueridentifikationsnummer nach § 27 UStG: DE124091698

Zuständige Aufsichtsbehörde: Ministerium für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein Westfalen

Privacy statement

Disclaimer

The data and information used in the tool come from many different sources, including third parties. The data was taken as stated in the original publication. The accuracy of their collection has not been verified.

Haftungsausschluss

Die Daten und Informationen, die in dem Tool verwendet werden, stammen u.a. aus vielen unterschiedlichen Quellen und auch von Dritten. Die Daten wurden wie in der Originalpublikation angegeben übernommen. Die Richtigkeit ihrer Erhebung wurde nicht überprüft.