Included publications

• Abdel-Motelib, A., Bode, M., Hartmann, R., Hartung, U., Hauptmann, A., and Pfeiffer, K., 2012, Archaeometallurgical expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula and the Eastern Desert of Egypt (2006, 2008), Metalla, 19(½), 3–59.

• Aleksandrov, M., 1992, Metalogenetske karakteristike polimetaličnog rudnog polja Sase, Istočna Makedonija, PhD thesis, Goce Delčev University, Štip.

• Amov, B. G., 1999, Lead isotope data for ore deposits from Bulgaria and the possibility for their use in archaeometry, Berliner Beiträge zur Archäometrie, 16, 5–19.

• Amov, B., Bogdanov, B., and Baldjieva, T., 1974, Lead isotope composition and some features concerning the genesis and the age of the ore deposits in south Bulgaria, 4th IAGOD Symposium, Varna, Bulgaria.

• Amov, B., Breskovska, B., Baldzhieva, C. T., Evstatieva, S. S., and Mankov, S., 1983, O результатах масс-спектрального анализа свинца свинцо-во-цинковъх месторождений Звездельского рудного поля \[On the results of mass spectral analysis of the lead-zinc deposits of the Zvezdel ore field\], Godine na BMGI, C, 29(2), 79–90.

• Amov, B., Kolkovski, B., and Dimitrov, R., 1993, Генезис и възраст на хидротермални рудни минерализации в родопската металогенна зона въз основа на изотопния състав на оловото в галенит  \[Genesis and age of hydrothermal ore mineralization in the Rhodope metallogenic zone on the basis of the isotopic composition of lead in galena\], Annuaire de l’Université de Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridski” Faculté de Géologie et Géographie, 85, 73–98.

• Andráš, P., Chovan, M., Dirner, V., and Krá, J., 2010, Pb-Isotope Study in Sb-Mineralisation from Western Carpathian (Slovakia), Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 5(2), 71–80.

• Asael, D., Matthews, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Harlavan, Y., and Segal, I., 2012, Tracking redox controls and sources of sedimentary mineralization using copper and lead isotopes, Chemical Geology, 310–311, 23–35 DOI:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.03.021

• Barnes, I. L., Shields, W. R., Murphy, T. J., and Brill, R. H., 1974, Isotopic analyses of Laurion lead ores, In Archaeological Chemistry (ed. C. W. Beck), 1–10, Advances in Chemistry Series 138, Washington D.C. DOI:10.1021/ba-1974-0138.ch001

• Baron, S., Tămaş, C. G., Cauuet, B., and Munoz, M., 2011, Lead isotope analyses of gold–silver ores from Roşia Montană (Romania): a first step of a metal provenance study of Roman mining activity in Alburnus Maior (Roman Dacia), Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(5), 1090–100. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2010.12.004

• Barton, J. M., Blaine, J. L., Doig, R., and Byron, C. L., 1994, The geological setting and style of copper mineralization at the Bushman group of deposits, northeastern Botswana, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 18(2), 87–97. DOI:10.1016/0899-5362(94)90022-1

• Begemann, F., Hauptmann, A., Schmitt-Strecker, S., and Weisgerber, G., 2010, Lead isotope and chemical signature of copper from Oman and its occurrence in Mesopotamia and sites on the Arabian Gulf coast, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 21(2), 135–69. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2010.00327.x

• Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., Pernicka, E., and Lo Schiavo, F., 2001, Chemical composition and lead isotopy of copper and bronze from Nuragic Sardinia, European Journal of Archaeology, 4, 43–85. DOI:10.1179/eja.2001.4.1.43

• Begemann, F., and Schmitt-Strecker, S., 2009, Über das frühe Kupfer Mesopotamiens, Iranica Antiqua, 44, 1–45. DOI:10.2143/IA.44.0.2034374

• Bird, G., Brewer, P. A., Macklin, M. G., Nikolova, M., Kotsev, T., Mollov, M., and Swain, C., 2010, Pb isotope evidence for contaminant-metal dispersal in an international river system: The lower Danube catchment, Eastern Europe, Applied Geochemistry, 25(7), 1070–84. DOI:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.04.012

• Bode, M., 2008, Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen zur Blei-/Silbergewinnung im Germanien der frühen Römischen Kaiserzeit, PhD thesis, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster.

• Bolhar, R., Whitehouse, M. J., Milani, L., Magalhães, N., Golding, S. D., Bybee, G., LeBras, L., and Bekker, A., 2020, Atmospheric S and lithospheric Pb in sulphides from the 2.06 Ga Phalaborwa phoscorite-carbonatite Complex, South Africa, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 530, 115939. DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115939

• Boni, M., and Koeppel, V., 1985, Ore-lead isotope pattern from the Iglesiente-Sulcis Area (SW Sardinia) and the problem of remobilization of metals, Mineralium Deposita, 20(3), 185–93. DOI:10.1007/BF00204563

• Brill, R. H., 1970, Lead and Oxygen Isotopes in Ancient Objects, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 269(1193), 143–64. DOI:10.1098/rsta.1970.0093

• Brill, R. H., Barnes, I. L., and Adams, B., 1974, Lead Isotopes in Some Ancient Egyptian Objects, In Recent Advances in Science and Technology of Materials (ed. A. Bishay), Vol. 3, 9–27, Plenum, New York.

• Brodtkorb, M. K., and Brodtkorb, A., 1982, Datos isotópicos de plomo de la mineralización de la Mina La Helvecia, prov. de La Rioja, Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 37(3), 358–61.

• Burnard, P. G., Sweeney, M. A., Vaughan, D. J., Spiro, B., and Thirlwall, M. F., 1993, Sulfur and lead isotope constraints on the genesis of a southern Zambian massive sulfide deposit, Economic Geology, 88(2), 418–36. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.418

• Calvez, J. Y., and Lescuyer, J. L., 1991, Lead Isotope Geochemistry of Various Sulphide Deposits from the Oman Mountains, In Ophiolite Genesis and Evolution of the Oceanic Lithosphere (eds. Tj. Peters, A. Nicolas, and R. G. Coleman), Vol. 5, 385–97, Petrology and Structural Geology, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. DOI:10.1007/978-94-011-3358-6_19

• Caron, C., Lancelot, J., Omenetto, P., and Orgeval, J. J., 1997, Role of the Sardic tectonic phase in the metallogenesis of SW Sardinia (Iglesiente): lead isotope evidence, European Journal of Mineralogy, 9(5), 1005–16. DOI:10.1127/ejm/9/5/1005

• Chalkias, S., Vavelidis, M., Schmitt-Strecker, S., and Begemann, F., 1988, Geologische Interpretation der Blei-Isotopenverhältnisse von Erzen der Insel Thasos, der Ägäis und Nordgriechenlands, In Antike Edel- und Buntmetallgewinnung auf Thasos, 59–74, Der Anschnitt Beiheft 6, Bochum.

• Chalkias, S., and Vavelidis, M., 1989, Interpretation of lead-isotope data from Greek Pb-Zn deposits, based on an empirical two-stage model, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 23(2), 177–93.

• Chamberlain, V. E., and Gale, N. H., 1980, The Isotopic Composition of lead in Greek coins and in Galena from Greece and Turkey, In Proc. 16th Inst. Symp. on Archeometry and Archaeological Prospection, Edinburgh 1976, 139–55, Publ.in the Proceedings, National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh.

• Chegini, N., Momenzadeh, M., Parzinger, H., Pernicka, E., Stoellner, T., Vatandoust, R., Weisgerber, G., Boroffka, N., Chaichi, A., Hasanalian, D., Hezarkhani, Z., Eskandari, M., and Nezafati, N., 2000, Preliminary report on archaeometallurgical investigations around the prehistoric site of Arisman near Kashan, western Central Iran, Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, 32, 281–318.

• Chen, J. H., and Pallister, J. S., 1981, Lead Isotopic Studies of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman, Journal of Geophysical Research, 86(B4), 2699–708. DOI:10.1029/JB086iB04p02699

• Cook, N. J., and Chiaradia, M., 1997, Sources of base metal mineralization in the Baia Borsa orefield, NW Romania: constraints from lead isotopes, In Mineral deposits (ed. H. Papunen), 813–6, Balkema, Rotterdam.

• Coomer, P. G., Coward, M. P., and Lintern, B. C., 1977, Stratigraphy, structure and geochronology of ore leads in the Matsitama Schist belt of Northern Botswana, Precambrian Research, 5(1), 23–41. DOI:10.1016/0301-9268(77)90021-3

• Dayton, J. E., and Dayton, A. M., 1986, Uses and limitations of lead isotopes in archaeology, In Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium (eds. J. S. Olin, and M. J. Blackman), 13–41, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.

• De Launay, M. L., 1894, Les Minerais d’Argent de Milo, Annales des Mines, 9ième Série(VI), 345–53.

• Deleon, G., 1968, Primena metoda nuklearne geologije u odredivanju apsolutne starosti stena na teritoriji SR Makedonije, PhD thesis, University of Belgrade, Belgrade.

• Doe, B. R., and Rohrbough, R., 1977, Lead isotope data bank: 3,459 samples and analyses cited, Open-File Report. DOI:10.3133/ofr79661

• Duane, M. J., Kruger, F. J., Roberts, P. J., and Smith, C. B., 1991, Pb and Sr isotope and origin of Proterozoic base metal (fluorite) and gold deposits, Transvaal Sequence, South Africa, Economic Geology, 86(7), 1491–505. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.86.7.1491

• Durali-Müller, S., 2006, Roman lead and copper mining in Germany: their origin and development through time, deduced from lead and copper isotope provenance studies, PhD Thesis, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt a.M., Germany.

• Ehya, F., Lotfi, M., and Rasa, I., 2010, Emarat carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposit, Markazi Province, Iran: A geological, mineralogical and isotopic (S, Pb) study, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 37(2), 186–94. DOI:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.08.007

• Frei, R., 1992, Isotope (Pb, Rb-Sr, S, O, C, U-Pb) geochemical investigations on Tertiary intrusives and related mineralizations in the Serbomacedonian Pb-Zn, Sb+Cu-Mo metallogenetic province in Northern Greece, PhD thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich. DOI:10.3929/ethz-a-000692261

• Frei, R., 1995, Evolution of mineralizing fluid in the porphyry copper system of the Skouries Deposit, Northeast Chalkidiki (Greece): evidence from combined Pb-Sr and stable isotope data, Economic Geology, 90(4), 746–62. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.4.746

• Fölling, P. G., Zartman, R. E., and Frimmel, H. E., 2000, A novel approach to double-spike Pb–Pb dating of carbonate rocks: examples from Neoproterozoic sequences in southern Africa, Chemical Geology, 171(1–2), 97–122. DOI:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00204-7

• Gale, N. H., 1978, Lead Isotopes and Aegean Metallurgy, In Thera and the Aegean world I. Papers presented at the Second International Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, August, 1978 (ed. C. Doumas), 529–45, London.

• Gale, N. H., 1979, Lead Isotopes and Archaic Silver Coins, Archeo-Physika, 10, 194–208.

• Gale, N. H., 1980, Some aspects of lead and silver mining in the Aegean, In Thera and the Aegean World II. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, August 1978 (ed. C. Doumas), 161–95, Aris and Phillips Ltd., London.

• Gale, N. H., 1998, The Role of Kea in Metal Production and Trade in the LBA, In Kea-Kythnos: History and Archaeology. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Kea-Kythnos, 22-25 June 1994 (eds. L. G. Mendoni, and A. J. Mazarakis), Vol. 27, 737–58, Meletemata, Athen.

• Gale, N. H., Gentner, W., and Wagner, G. A., 1980, Mineralogical and Geographical Silver Sources of Archaic Greek Coinage, In Metallurgy in Numismatics (eds. D. M. Metcalf, and W. A. Oddy), Vol. 1, 3–49, Special publication Royal Numismatic Society, London.

• Gale, N. H., Picard, O., and Barrandon, J. N., 1988, The Archaic Thasian silver coinage, In Antike Edel- und Buntmetallgewinnung auf Thasos (eds. G. A. Wagner, and G. Weisgerber), Vol. 6, 212–23, Der Anschnitt Beiheft, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum.

• Gale, N. H., Stos-Gale, Z. A., Lilov, P., Dimitrov, M., and Todorov, T., 1991, Recent Studies of Eneolithic Copper Ores and Artefacts in Bulgaria, In Decouverte du Metal (eds. J. Mohen, and C. Eluere), Vol. 2, 49–75, Millénaires, Picard, Paris.

• Gale, N. H., Stos-Gale, Z. A., Papastamataki, A., and Leonis, K., 1985, Copper Sources and Copper Metallurgy in the Aegean Bronze Age, In Furnaces and smelting technology in antiquity. Proceedings of the Symposium on Early Furnace Technology, British Museum, London 1982 (eds. P. T. Craddock, and M. J. Hughes), Vol. 48, 81–102, British Museum Occasional Paper, British Museum, London.

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1981, Cycladic Lead and Silver Metallurgy, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 76, 169–224. DOI:10.1017/S0068245400019523

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1985, Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade, In Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Cypriot Studies, Nicosia 1982 (eds. T. Papadopoullos, and S. A. Chatzēstyllēs), 51–66, Society of Cypriot Studies, Nicosia.

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1986, Oxhide Copper Ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 81–100. DOI:10.1017/S0068245400020098

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1987, Oxhide ingots from Sardinia, Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age copper trade: New scientific evidence, In Nuragic Sardinia and the Mycenaean world, Studies in Sardinian archaeology 3 (ed. M. Balmuth), Vol. 387, 135–78, BAR International Series, Bar, Oxford.

• Gale, N. H., and Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1988, Recent evidence for a possible Bronze Age metal trade between Sardinia and the Aegean, In Problems in Greek Prehistory, Proceedings of the Centenary Conference of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, Manchester 1986 (eds. E. B. French, and K. A. Wardle), 355–85, Bristol Classical Press, Bristol.

• Gemmell, J. B., Zantop, H., and Meinert, L., 1992, Genesis of the Aguilar Zinc-Lead-Silver Deposit, Argentina:Contact Metasomatic vs. Sedimentary Exhalative, Economic Geology, 87, 2085–112. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.8.2085

• Haest, M., Schneider, J., Cloquet, C., Latruwe, K., Vanhaecke, F., and Muchez, P., 2010, Pb isotopic constraints on the formation of the Dikulushi Cu–Pb–Zn–Ag mineralisation, Kundelungu Plateau (Democratic Republic of Congo), Mineralium Deposita, 45(4), 393–410. DOI:10.1007/s00126-010-0279-6

• Harlavan, Y., Bar-Matthews, M., Matthews, A., Asael, D., and Segal, I., 2017, Tracing the sources of sedimentary Cu and Mn ores in the Cambrian Timna Formation, Israel using Pb and Sr isotopes, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 178, 67–82. DOI:10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.03.016

• Harms, U., Heckmann, H., Weyer, S., and Mali, H., 2012, Geochemistry of galena and lead isotope chemistry of postvariscan ore veins within Niederberg Area, Germany, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 163(1), 69–89. DOI:10.1127/1860-1804/2012/0163-0069

• Hauptmann, A., Begemann, F., Heitkemper, E., Pernicka, E., and Schmitt-Strecker, S., 1992, Early Copper Produced at Feinan, Wadi Arabah, Jordan: The Composition of Ores and Copper, Archeomaterials, 6, 1–33.

• Hauptmann, A., Begemann, F., and Schmitt-Strecker, S., 1999, Copper Objects from Arad: Their Composition and Provenance, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 314, 1–17. DOI:10.2307/1357449

• Höhndorf, A., and Vetter, U., 1999, The Sanyati Ore deposits in Zimbabwe: Pb-isotopic investigation of sulfide and oxide ores, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Geologie, 45(1), 11–3.

• IGME Xanthi cit. in: Frei, R., 1992, Isotope (Pb, Rb-Sr, S, O, C, U-Pb) geochemical investigations on Tertiary intrusives and related mineralizations in the Serbomacedonian Pb-Zn, Sb+Cu-Mo metallogenetic province in Northern Greece, PhD thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich.

• Jaguin, J., Poujol, M., Boulvais, P., Robb, L. J., and Paquette, J. L., 2012, Metallogeny of precious and base metal mineralization in the Murchison Greenstone Belt, South Africa: indications from U–Pb and Pb–Pb geochronology, Mineralium Deposita, 47(7), 739–47. DOI:10.1007/s00126-012-0422-7

• Janković, S., 1978, Изотопни састав олова у појединим терцијарним олово-цинковим српско-македонске металогенетске провинције \[The isotopic composition of lead in some tertiary lead-zinc deposits within the Serbo-Macedonian metallogenic province (Yugoslavia)\], Geoloski Anali Balkanskog Poluostrva, 42, 507–25.

• Jović, B., 1983, Godišnji izveštaji o izvršenim geološkim istraživanjima Pb-Zn u rudnom polju Blagodat, FSD Republičkog društvenog fond za geol. istr., Belgrade.

• Kalogeropoulos, S. I., Kilias, S. P., Bitzios, D. C., Nicolaou, M., and Both, R. A., 1989, Genesis of the Olympias carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Au, Ag) sulfide ore deposit, eastern Chalkidiki Peninsula, northern Greece, Economic Geology, 84(5), 1210–34. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.84.5.1210

• Kamona, A. F., Lévêque, J., Friedrich, G., and Haack, U., 1999, Lead isotopes of the carbonate-hosted Kabwe, Tsumeb, and Kipushi Pb-Zn-Cu sulphide deposits in relation to Pan African orogenesis in the Damaran-Lufilian Fold Belt of Central Africa, Mineralium Deposita, 34(3), 273–83. DOI:10.1007/s001260050203

• Kirnbauer, T., Wagner, T., Taubald, H., and Bode, M., 2012, Post-Variscan hydrothermal vein mineralization, Taunus, Rhenish Massif (Germany): Constraints from stable and radiogenic isotope data, Ore Geology Reviews, 48, 239–57. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.03.010

• Koppel, V. H., and Saager, R., 1974, Lead Isotope Evidence on the Detrital Origin of Witwatersrand Pyrites and its Bearing on the Provenance of the Witwatersrand Gold, Economic Geology, 69(3), 318–31. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.69.3.318

• Kouzmanov, K., Moritz, R., Von Quadt, A., Chiaradia, M., Peytcheva, I., Fontignie, D., Ramboz, C., and Bogdanov, K., 2009, Late Cretaceous porphyry Cu and epithermal Cu-Au association in the Southern Panagyurishte district, Bulgaria: the paired Vlaykov Vruh and Elshitsa deposits, Mineralium Deposita, 44, 611–46. DOI:10.1007/s00126-009-0239-1

• Krahn, L., and Baumann, A., 1996, Lead isotope systemactic of epigenetic lead-zinc mineralization in the western part of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany., Mineralium Deposita, 31(3), 225–37. DOI:10.1007/BF00204029

• Kubat, I., Ramović, E., Tomčević, D., Pezdić, J., and Dolenac, T., 1979, The results of the investigation of S, O, C and Pb isotopic composition in some ore deposits and occurrences in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Geološki Glasnik, 24/25, 61–84.

• Köppel, V., 1980, Lead-isotope studies of stratiform ore deposits of the Namaqualand, NW Cape Province, South Africa, and their implications on the age of the Bushmanland Sequence, In Proceedings of the fifth quadrennial IAGOD symposium, 195–207, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.

• Köppel, V., and Schroll, E., 1985, Herkunft des Pb der triassischen Pb-Zn-Vererzungen in den Ost-und Südalpen: Resultate bleiisotopengeochemischer Untersuchungen, Archiv für Lagerstättenforschung der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 6, 215–22.

• Large, D., Schaeffer, R., and Höhndorf, A., 1983, Lead Isotope Data from Selected Galena Occurrences in the North Eifel and North Sauerland, Germany, Mineralium Deposita, 18, 235–43. DOI:10.1007/BF00206211

• Ludwig, K. R., Vollmer, R., Turi, B., Simmons, K. R., and Perna, G., 1989, Isotopic constraints on the genesis of base-metal ores in southern and central Sardinia, European Journal of Mineralogy, 1, 657–66. DOI:10.1127/ejm/1/5/0657

• López, L., 2012, Geología y metalogénesis del distrito polimetálico Purísima-Rumicruz, departamento de Cochinoca, provincia de Jujuy, Doctor en Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. DOI:10.35537/10915/25861

• Macfarlane, A. W., Marcet, P., LeHuray, A. P., and Petersen, U., 1990, Lead isotope provinces of the Central Andes inferred from ores and crustal rocks, Economic Geology, 85(8), 1857–80. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.85.8.1857

• Macfarlane, A. W., and Lechtman, H. N., 2016, Andean Ores, Bronze Artifacts, and Lead Isotopes: Constraints on Metal Sources in Their Geological Context, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 23(1), 1–72. DOI:10.1007/s10816-014-9225-8

• Marchev, P., and Moritz, R., 2006, Isotopic composition of Sr and Pb in the Central Rhodopean ore fields: Inferences for the genesis of the base-metal deposits, Geologica Balcanica, 35(3–4), 49–61.

• Marcoux, E., Grancea, L., Lupulescu, M., and Milesi, J., 2002, Lead isotope signatures of epithermal and porphyry-type ore deposits from the Romanian Carpathian Mountains, Mineralium Deposita, 37(2), 173–184. DOI:10.1007/s00126-001-0223-x

• Marschik, R., Bauer, T., Hensler, A.-S., Skarpelis, N., and Hölzl, S., 2010, Isotope Geochemistry of the Pb-Zn-Ba(-Ag-Au) Mineralization at Triades-Galana, Milos Island, Greece: Triades-Galana Pb-Zn-Ba Mineralization, Resource Geology, 60(4), 335–47. DOI:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2010.00139.x

• Mathez, E. A., and Waight, T. E., 2003, Lead isotopic disequilibrium between sulfide and plagioclase in the bushveld complex and the chemical evolution of large layered intrusions, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(10), 1875–88. DOI:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01294-2

• Mirnejad, H., Simonetti, A., and Molasalehi, F., 2011, Pb isotopic compositions of some Zn–Pb deposits and occurrences from Urumieh–Dokhtar and Sanandaj–Sirjan zones in Iran, Ore Geology Reviews, 39(4), 181–7. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.02.002

• Mirnejad, H., Simonetti, A., and Molasalehi, F., 2015, Origin and formational history of some Pb-Zn deposits from Alborz and Central Iran: Pb isotope constraints, International Geology Review, 57(4), 463–71. DOI:10.1080/00206814.2015.1013510

• Molasalehi, F., and Mirnejad, H., 2010, Comparing Pb isotopic composition of Kuhe Surmeh deposit with some of the Pb-Zn deposits from Central Iran and evaluating the role of Neo-Tethys in Pb remobilization in Central Iran, Journal of Science, 36(1), 11–7.

• Molofsky, L. J., Killick, D., Ducea, M. N., Macovei, M., Chesley, J. T., Ruiz, J., Thibodeau, A., and Popescu, G. C., 2014, A novel approach to lead isotope provenance studies of tin and bronze: applications to South African, Botswanan and Romanian artifacts, Journal of Archaeological Science, 50, 440–50. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.006

• Mudrinic, C., and Serafimovski, T., 1992, Lead, sulphur, oxygen and carbon isotopes in the Zletovo ore field (Eastern Macedonia), Geologica Balcanica, 24(3), 39–48.

• Nebel, M. L., Hutchinson, R., and Zartman, R. E., 1991, Metamorphism and polygenesis of the Madem Lakkos polymetallic sulfide deposit, Chalkidiki, Greece, Economic Geology, 86(1), 81–105. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.86.1.81

• Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E., and Momenzadeh, M., 2009, Introduction of the Deh Hosein ancient tin-copper mine, Western Iran: Evidence from Geology, Archaeology, Geochemistry and Lead Isotope Data, Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology (TUBA-AR), 12, 223–36. DOI:10.22520/tubaar.2009.0018

• Nezafati, N., Pernicka, E., and Momenzadeh, M., 2011, Early Tin-Copper Ore from Iran, a possible Clue for the Enigma of Bronze Age Tin, In Anatolian Metal V (ed. Ü. Yalçin), Vol. 24, 211–30, Der Anschnitt, Beiheft, Bochum.

• Niederschlag, E., Pernicka, E., Seifert, T., and Bartelheim, M., 2003, The determination of lead isotope ratios by multiple collector ICP-MS: A case study of Early Bronze Age artefacts and their possible relation with ore deposits of the Erzgebirge, Archaeometry, 45(1), 61–100. DOI:10.1111/1475-4754.00097

• OXALID: Oxford Archaeological Lead Isotope Database from the Isotrace Laboratory (https://oxalid.arch.ox.ac.uk/default.html)

• Pajović, M., Ćepić, M., Manojlović, M., Dubak, M., and Svrkota, R., 1982, Opšte geološke i metalogenetske karakteristike Pb-Zn mineralizacije u Crnoj Gori, In Zbornik radova: X. jubilarnog kongresa geologa Jugoslavije (eds. S. Cicmil, and Jubilarni kongres geologa Jugoslavije), 247–69, Organizacioni odbor X jubilarnog kongresa geologa Jugoslavije, Budva.

• Palinkaš, L. A., 1985, Lead isotope patterns in galenas from some selected ore deposits in Croatia and NW Bosnia, Geološki Vjesnik, 38, 175–89.

• Pernicka, E., Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., Todorova, H., and Kuleff, I., 1997, Prehistoric copper in Bulgaria: its composition and provenance, Eurasia Antiqua(3), 41–180.

• Pernicka, E., Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker, S., and Wagner, G., 1993, Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from the Balkans and their relation to Serbian copper ores, Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 68, 1–54. DOI:10.1515/prhz.1993.68.1.1

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• Puig, A., 1988, Geologic and metallogenic significance of the isotopic composition of lead in galenas of the Chilean Andes, Economic Geology, 83(4), 843–58. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.4.843

• Richards, J. P., Cumming, G. L., Krstic, D., Wagner, P. A., and Spooner, E. T. C., 1988, Pb isotope constraints on the age of sulfide ore deposition and U-Pb age of late uraninite veining at the Musoshi stratiform copper deposit, Central Africa copper belt, Zaire, Economic Geology, 83(4), 724–41. DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.4.724

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• Rubinstein, N. A., Carrasquero, S. I., Gómez, A. L. R., Ricchetti, A. P. O., and D’Annunzio, M. C., 2018, Metallogeny of the Paramillos de Uspallata Pb–Zn–Ag vein deposit in the Cuyo Rift Basin, Argentina, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 350(4), 164–72. DOI:10.1016/j.crte.2018.01.002

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• Schwarz-Schampera, U., Terblanche, H., and Oberthür, T., 2010, Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits in the Murchison greenstone belt, South Africa, Mineralium Deposita, 45(2), 113–45. DOI:10.1007/s00126-009-0266-y

• Shafiei, B., 2010, Lead isotope signatures of the igneous rocks and porphyry copper deposits from the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc (SE Iran), and their magmatic-metallogenetic implications, Ore Geology Reviews, 38(1–2), 27–36. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.05.004

• Shahabpour, J., and Kramers, J. D., 1987, Lead isotope data from the Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Iran, Mineralium Deposita, 22(4), 278–281. DOI:10.1007/BF00204520

• Siron, C. R., 2018, Magmatic, Structural, and Metallogenic Framework of the Kassandra Mining District, Chalkidiki Peninsula, Northern Greece, PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca. DOI:10.7298/X4QZ2866

• Stephens, J., 2016, Assessing the suitability of southern Africa for archaeological provenance studies with lead isotopes, MA dissertation, University of Arizona, Tuscon.

• Stephens, J., Killick, D., and Chirikure, S., 2023, Reconstructing the geological provenance and long-distance movement of rectangular, fishtail, and croisette copper ingots in Iron Age Zambia and Zimbabwe, PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282660. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0282660

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., 1989, Cycladic Copper Metallurgy, In Old world archaeometallurgy: proceedings of the International symposium Old world archaeometallurgy. Heidelberg 1987 (eds. A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka, and G. A. Wagner), Vol. 7, 279–93, Der Anschnitt, Beiheft, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, Bochum.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., 2001, The impact of the natural sciences on studies of hacksilber and early silver coinage, In Hacksilber to coinage: new insights into the monetary history of the Near East and Greece. A collection of eight papers presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (eds. M. S. Balmuth, Archaeological Institute of America, and American Numismatic Society), 53–76, Numismatic studies 24, American Numismatic Society, New York.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Gale, N. H., Houghton, J., and Speakman, R., 1995, Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry data base 1, Ores from the Western Mediterranean, Archaeometry, 37(2), 407–15. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00753.x

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Gale, N. H., and Annetts, N., 1996, Lead Isotope Data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry Data Base 3, Ores from the Aegean, Part 1, Archaeometry, 38(2), 381–90. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1996.tb00784.x

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Gale, N. H., and Zwicker, U., 1986, The copper trade in the south east Mediterranean region: preliminary scientific evidence, Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 122–44.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Kayafa, M., and Gale, N. H., 1999, The origin of metals from the bronze age site of Nichoria, Opuscula Atheniensia, 24, 99–120.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., Maliotis, G., Gale, N. H., and Annetts, N., 1997, Lead isotope characteristics of the Cyprus copper ore deposits applied to provenance studies of copper oxhide ingots, Archaeometry, 39(1), 83–123. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1997.tb00792.x

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., and Gale, N. H., 1981, Sources of galena, lead and silver in predynastic Egypt, Revue d’Archéometrie, Supplement (Actes du XXe symposium international d’archéométrie Paris 26-29 mars 1980 Volume III), 285–96. DOI:10.3406/arsci.1981.1158

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., and Gale, N. H., 1985, Metal Sources and the Metal Trade in the Bronze Age Aegean - The Isotopic Evidence. Mycenaean Seminar, 20 February, Institute of Archaeology, London, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 32, 157-158.

• Stos-Gale, Z. A., and Gale, N. H., 1992, New light on the provenance of the copper oxhide ingots found on Sardinia., In Sardinia in the Mediterranean: A footprint in the sea (eds. R. H. Tykot, T. K. Andrews, and M. Balmuth), Vol. 3, 317–45, Monographs in Mediterranean archaeology, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield.

• Swainbank, I. G., Shepherd, T. J., Caboi, R., and Massoli-Novelli, R., 1982, Lead isotopic composition of some galena ores from Sardinia, Periodico di Mineralogia, 51, 275–86.

• Tilton, G. R., Pollak, R. J., Clark, A. H., and Robertson, R. C. R., 1981, Isotopic composition of Pb in Central Andean ore deposits, In Nazca Plate: Crustal Formation and Andean Convergence (eds. L. V. D. Kulm, J. Dymond, E. J. Dasch, D. M. Hussong, and R. Roderick), 791–816, Memoir (Geological Society of America) 154, Geological Society of America. DOI:10.1130/MEM154-p791

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• Triantafyllidis, S., Tombros, S. F., Zhai, D., and Kokkalas, S., 2021, The upper Cretaceous Ermioni VMS deposit, Argolis Peninsula, Peloponnese, Greece: Type, genesis, and geotectonic setting, Ore Geology Reviews, 138, 104403. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104403

• Ulrych, T. J., Burger, A., and Nicolaysen, L. O., 1967, Least radiogenic terrestrial leads, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2(3), 179–84. DOI:10.1016/0012-821X(67)90125-2

• Valera, R. G., Valera, P. G., and Rivoldini, A., 2005, Sardinian ore deposits and metals in the Bronze Age, In Archaeometallurgy in Sardinia: From the origins to the beginning of the Early Iron Age (eds. F. Lo Schiavo, A. Giumlia-Mair, U. Sanna, and R. Valera), Vol. 30, 43–88, Monographies instrumentum, Éditions Monique Mergoil, Montagnac.

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Interface of the app

The interface of the app consists of five parts:

1. The menu, which can be shown/hidden with the button 1a
2. The header with two options to control the app’s appearance: Toggle full screen mode (2a) and toggle light/dark mode (2b)
3. Different filter for the database, which can be shown/hidden (3a) and unpinned/pinned (3b)
4. The footer
5. The work area. All windows here can be collapsed and also maximised. If maximised, their content will be scaled accordingly.

Filter the database

A wide range of options are provided to filter the database. The elements in the header (1 to 4) can be used to adjust some general settings and the elements in the filter area (5 to 13) allow to select data according to specific criteria.

1. The database to be used. Currently, only “Ores & minerals” are supported but it is planned to provide additional datasets in the future
2. Whether the whole dataset or only reliable data should be used. The reliability of the data is based solely on the analytical method and excludes all analyses pre-1974 (no mass bias correction) and analyses not measured with a TIMS or MC-ICP-MS (too imprecise). By default, this option is active.
3. If only data with exact locations should be used or not. Sometimes, the location or site where the sample was taken cannot be reconstructed. In these cases, coordinates of the next smallest reliably determinable geographical or administrative entity are recorded.
4. Whether “unknowns” should be excluded or not. Similar to the location, e.g. the mining site is not always reported. This option is only working on the current subsetting variable. Consequently, switching this variable (e.g. to the country) can change the number of displayed data points. Activating this option will also prevent the appearance of a legend item “unknown” in the plots.
5. Select only data located in the specified modern country.
6. Select only data located in the specified modern political provinces of the selected countries. They appear in the order of the selected countries.
7. Select only data located in the specified mining regions in the selected countries. They appear in the order of the selected countries.
8. Select only data from specific sites located within the modern political provinces or mining regions.
9. Restrict the selection to samples from deposits that were formed in the selected geological epochs/ages.
10. Restrict the selection to minerals that are contained in the ore (brackets around a mineral indicate that this is only a subordinate phase of the ore).
11. Restrict the selection to metals that can be (theoretically) produced from the ores (brackets around an element indicate that only minor amounts of this metal could be produced). This does not necessarily mean that all metals given here were also extracted from the ore, and the produced metal(s) may be subject to changes over time.
12. Restrict the instrument(s) used to produce the data.
13. Restrict the selection to publications of a certain range of year, e.g. all publications after 2000.

How the filter work:

• Click on the items in the list to select multiple ones. In the dropdown lists, you can remove them from the filter by clicking on an item (it changes the colour) and pressing DELETE.
• Changing a filter on a higher level (e.g. country) will reset all filter on the lower levels (e.g. mining area). This holds also true for switching between reliable data and the full data set.
• All items within the same filter are OR connected, i.e. picking galena and chalcopyrite as minerals will yield all data that contain galena OR chalcopyrite (or both) beside other mineral phases.
• Area above the horizontal line (5 to 8)
  • You must pick one or multiple countries.
  • Based on the picked countries, the respective provinces and mining areas become available. Provinces and mining areas are OR connected (e.g. picking Italy and Egypt as countries and then Sardinia as province and the Eastern Desert as mining area will show all data from Sardinia and the Eastern Desert).
  • Based on the chosen provinces and mining areas, the mining sites become available narrow the selection further if desired.
• Area below the horizontal line (9 to 13):
  • Changing filters above the horizontal line will reset the filters below the horizontal line.
  • These filters will be applied on the selection obtained from the filters 5 to 8. If no items are picked, the entire database will be filtered to display e.g. all copper ores or all ores containing galena.
    
  • All filters in this area are connected by AND conditions. For example, picking Cu as commodity and MC-ICP-MS as instrument will yield only copper ores measured by MC-ICP-MS.
• The menu “Upload” provides an auto-match function for uploaded data. See the respective chapter for further details.

Map

The selected data (and any uploaded data) are displayed in the map and in the preview plots in the same colours. The plots are static and intended for preview only. You can modify these elements with the following options:

1. This is the category according to which the data will be subset. It is the same like for the plots (see next chapter).
2. You can choose between three predefined axis-combinations for the preview.
3. You can jump to a specific location by providing the respective coordinates as decimal degrees and pressing the “Go!” button.
4. You can choose between different maps (including satellite images) and show/hide the reference data (and the uploaded data).

Clicking on points with a number in the map will centre the map on the area of the previously collapsed points. Hovering with the mouse over a point in the map gives some basic information to the respective data. Please do not get confused: Points with numbers are colour-coded according to the number of points they are containing. Colours according to the subsetting variable are only applied to individual points.

Explore

On this page you can explore the data more closely and customise the plots before downloading them for publication. It consists of two independent plots. Only two options are the same for both plots: the subsetting variable (1a) and the colour palette (1b).

Depending on the number of the selected variables (2), certain kinds of plots (“styles”) can be chosen (3). Transparency and size (point size or line width in millimetres) can be set for all plots in the column “Design” (4). Specific options for each kind of plot are provided in the second column if available (5, see below).

Plots are provided in an interactive view (6a) and as a preview of the print version, i.e. the one you can download (6b). There are two exceptions: 3D scatter plots can only be viewed interactively and not downloaded. If really necessary, a snapshot can be made with the small camera icon from the toolbar in the upper right corner of the plot. 2D density plots are not available in the interactive plots.

In the interactive scatter plots (styles “Point” and “2D scatter”), specific data can be selected via the “Box select” or the “Lasso” tool in the upper right corner of the respective plot (7). A table with the selected data will be displayed in the “data table tab” (8) for closer inspection. An explanation for most of the icons in this toolbar can be found here and we encourage you do play around with them.